The Secret of Theatre Essay Topics Nobody Is Discussing

The Secret of Theatre Essay Topics Nobody Is Discussing Up in Arms About Theatre Essay Topics? Seasoned speakers are aware that the introduction should arouse interest. If you're confused with a number of interesting topics to research online, it's far better to determine what interests you the most. What's more, it would likewise be far better select one where you have some experience in. To me intellectual experience is the general outcome of creative, analytical and mental processes that occur in our mind because of stimuli. Details of Theatre Essay Topics You will need to decide what you need to write in your essay. Persuasive essay is also referred to as the argument essay. Perhaps, writing argumentative essays isn't that an effortless endeavor. Persuasive or argumentative essays are intended to convince the audience of a person's viewpoint about a specific topic. When picking out persuasive essay topics to write about, it would be better to stick to your very own personal opinions so you are going to have a definite idea on what things to put in it. For that, research for sources to have in your essay to back up your viewpoint. Occasionally, selecting an excellent argumentative essay topics will be quite tough. There are several good persuasive essay topics to pick from. The Honest to Goodness Truth on Theatre Essay Topics There are different ways of writing an essay but the fundamental structure stays the same. If you take advantage of a question, utilize the problem-then-solution format. It's possible for you to fill in details and modify the sentence structure after you're clear of what you will need to say. There are a few commonalities across all the essay prompts on the GRE Argument pool page, even past the simple fact which each task asks you to examine some type of argument and analyze it. Notes won't be sent through the doub le-blind peer-review procedure but will be assessed by the editorial staff. On-line articles won't be sent through the double-blind peer-review procedure but will be assessed by the editorial staff. You should choose a topic that could be done within a two-year time period framework. In school, essay writing has been made to be part of our learning activity. Essays are sometimes a challenging assignment for many students. All scholars are requested to write down a persuasive essay in the class of their scientific studies. The Characteristics of Theatre Essay Topics Inside my opinion, the art of theater is among the most empowering aspects in ones life. The meticulously decorated inside the theatre was impressive. Previously, theatre was among the few free time activities for a great deal of individuals. 1 way or a different theatre is a terrific intellectual experience. The Theatre Essay Topics Trap Thus, include data in the shape of statistics, experiments, research m aterial that will help you support your essay argument. The college essays need to be organized in the particular format and design based on the instructions given. If you're not certain of who you'd like to be your advisor, I would start by producing a list of your top few choices. You need to supply sample scenarios, in addition to other details to drive your point home. Even today exists a group of folks who believe that essay writing is the simplest portion of any educational program and that which you have to do there, is to just go on writing whatever and wherever you really feel like writing whatever comes in your mind. Also, utilize all the scratch paper you will need. In an issue of speaking, picking out persuasive essay topics is similar to telling yourself what you wish to convey to the rest of the planet. Regardless of what piece of writing you are assigned at your institution, the comprehensive paper has to be interesting to read. Whispered Theatre Essay Topics Secrets Take a peek at your breathing whenever you're speaking to a group of individuals. Thus, to compose a great essay you need to brainstorm all thoughts concerning your life experiences. Different significance of a specific word depends upon the group of individuals who uses it. Persuasive essay topics don't always must be of a significant nature, you can write about things which are related in your life. The arguments given so as to prove your point has to be strong and convincing. Your personal ideas and opinions in the paper has to be supported with arguments. You have to make sure you're very interested in the topic before you are able to persuade others about it. If you're really stuck trying to discover a not too broad or narrow topic, I suggest attempting to brainstorm a topic that employs a comparison.

The Constitution Of The United States - 2266 Words

The Framers of the Constitution of the United States carefully considered every word written while composing a new document guiding the formation of the new land. While trying account for the long standing traditions of law from former homelands, they needed to take into account the practices they were familiar with paying respect to tradition of law excepting those they saw as oppressive by rule of Kings and Queens. Clearly expecting to effect change on our new soil while weighing and balancing power and authority. For the sake of debate, the framers could not have known the arguments so many years later but they did their very best to take into account the impact of the laws, restrictions, and parameters of the document. The Second†¦show more content†¦Washington himself addressed the need unequivocally in the first State of the Union address directly to the lawmakers of the land. The United States, a free society, bases its rule of law on the document written in this coun try in 1787, yet now in the 21st Century we are asking what exactly did the Framers mean when they wrote those specific, unambiguous and well defined words of the Second Amendment regarding citizens of this country and possession and control of guys by those citizens. These words are not open to interpretation and they are clearly written. Even James Madison underscored the right when he wrote in the Federalist Paper Number 46 that the people of the United States had â€Å"the advantage of being armed [sig] which they possess over the people of almost every other nation† (Harr, Hess, Orthman, Kinsgsbury, 2015). Many families and individuals plead for changes to the Second Amendment and no one, not one single individual with a moral consciousness could blame the victims of gun violence for asking for it to stop. Legally speaking, this however is not a moral debate but one of legal precedence. The

Ambrose vs. Symmachus free essay sample

An analysis of the debate between St. Ambrose and a Roman Senator Symmachus about the role and origins of Christianity in the Roman Empire. This paper describes the arguments and quotes relevant passages of the debate between St. Ambrose and a Roman Senator Symmachus about the purpose and aim of Christianity for the Roman Empire. While the former argues for ascendency of the religion, the latter is for tolerance. It presents a very interesting facet of the early development of Christianity as it developed from relative obscurity to become a dominant force shaping historical developments in the Roman Empire and the Western World. Superficially, the debate between Saint Ambrose and Quintus Aurelius Symmachus centers on reinstating an altar to the Roman goddess Victory in the Senate building, and public funding of the pagan cults issues the under the discretionary power of the emperor Valentinian. In reality, however, the focus of the debate centers on Christian toleration of state pagan religions, and emperors responsibilities as a member of the Christian Church. We will write a custom essay sample on Ambrose vs. Symmachus or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Arguing from a position of relative weakness, Symmachus pleads for toleration and preservation of the ancestral institutions and laws hitherto advantageous to the emperor and the country; Ambrose, on the other hand, affirms the absolute truth of Christianity (an invariant position against toleration in the religious sphere) and compels the emperor to actively oppose paganism (a position which has varied through time in respect to the relationship between Church and State).

Video games in education settings free essay sample

Video games in education We have a misguided idea about video games that they are violent and they cause violent behavior in kid. But, we also like to ignore that video games can actually be beneficial. We can use video games for rehab purposes, for training purposes and most important in our education system. One of the biggest benefit of video games are that they are entertaining. Kids or teenagers, who play video games, know the difference between fantasy world and the real world and they act accordingly. The United States of Americas Army is using video game stimulations for training purpose. Even our heath care systems have started to use videogames for treating different sickness and also in different rehabilitation programs. Therefore I dont believe that video games cause violent behavior in kids or teenagers. Video game works as a stress reliever and they also helps in concentration and coordination. We will write a custom essay sample on Video games in education settings or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Whenever I am stressed or have no idea how to solve a problem at home, I used to play Assassins Creed on my playstation3, but now days when I in those situations I play bejeweled or angry birds on my iPad. I feel that a word with friends and scramble are great app for smart phone or for iPad because it competitive and also n helps in developing your vocabulary. For the iPad and iphone, there are lots of apps that can be used for education purposes for example the sky view app it gives brief description of different celestial bodies around us and its location too. Southern Methodist University in Dallas Texas has a program where first year engineering students get together and built a robot. This program is only applicable for mechanical, electrical students who are taking introduction class in their disciplines and only for computer science engineering students who are taking honors Java programming class. These students will be divided into groups and each roup will have students from each discipline in it, but the number of students from each discipline may vary. They have to build a robot using Legos NXT kit, Wii remote, LED light receptors and Java program. The function of this robot is find the firing line when it placed in a field and then shot the ping pong ball into a hole three times and each time the size of the hole will change. The design and the building part of the robot are done by the mechanical engineering students. Electrical engineering students fix the electrical components and write small programs so that the robot can translate the LED lights. The computer science students write the program for the robots movements, shooting the ping pong ball. The reason why the college has this program is to make sure that students get to practice what they have learned and see whether they can learn new information on their own and part of this project is for the grades too. As a result students have shown great interest in robotics club and this club is successful one too. Robot building project was the most important project for me. This project thought me how to work in groups and interact with others while working in groups, how to dived the Jobs and most importantly ask for elp when having problems. Projects like this can sure help students in learning new topics easily. From my personal experience Java is not my strongest programming language but I sure that I will be able to write programs using Java it need and some help. This project has also helped me in changing my learning style also. By introducing video games in our education system I am sure students especially the teenagers will benefit from it but it will be challenging also. Introduction of video games in education system is still in development stage even though it mass appeal mong younger generation. But when they are introduced in our education system, it will surely challenge the traditional way of learning things. In traditional ways of learning new information, students have to listen to what their teachers or professors are lecturing that day. If they miss a day or more, it becomes impossible for students to make up for those days and even to teachers or professors to explain that information all over again for that person in class or during office hours. If the topic is hard students have no choice but to learn it by heart or some people like to call it earning like a parrot i. e. without understanding what the topic is about or students have to skip that topic and concentrated on some other topic. But with video games students will be able to learn on their own pace. They will be motivated to learn new things because video games have made them entertaining. Video games will present information in multiple visual and auditory modes which will help students who have different learning styles (Mayo, Merrilea J). Video games can help in reinforcing information taught (Mayo, Merrilea J). By rewarding them with points or bonuses that an be used later in the game, they can achieve these bonuses or points by completing certain task in game (Mayo, Merrilea J). By doing this students will develop greater self-confidence and self-efficacy too (Mayo, Merrilea J). When I was in high school the most difficult subjects for me was math and science. The reason was I did not understand the functions of different elements or components in it. In those day I did not have luxury of using video games or computer to help me with my problems, the best option I had was to ask my friends, teachers if I still dont understand, then I had to learn it by heart or skip it. But now a days there are video games that can help in learning mathematical functions for example paper toss game app on smart phones or on iPad. The game looks simple but there are certain elements we need to consider while playing it such as air flow direction the distance of the bucket etc. For that we do certain calculation in our mind without even thinking about it and we get exited whenever we make the paper in the bucket. AquaMoose is another video game that does the same as paper toss game, but the difference is that student gets to explore mathematical concepts in 3D. Study was conducted by Jason Elliot, Lori Adams, and Amy Bruckman by using two pre-calculus having 30 students in each from BSH public high school in central Georgia. They gave this game to one class and used the other class as the control group. They were surprised by the outcome of their study. Some students said to them they would like to learn using this game and some said that they would do something else that playing this game. The class which was used as the controlled group said that they like to use this game. Some students said to them that this game was not up to their expectations. They conclude saying that to encourage tudents to learn using video games the quality of the product has to be best and also entertaining. Men/boys are normally considered to be visual and hands on learners, but there are girls who are visual learners too. Most time ot the time i rue nad difficulties when I was learning now write computer programs in my high programming class. I did fine in learning the theory portion because I studied it by writing over and over again. But when I had to write the code I always struggled because I did not have the tools need to practice it. But later I was able to practice and made good grade in the final lab exam. Something happened to e when is started to work in a hospital, in beginning it was difficult and when I had questions regarding entering certain orders in the computer, I had tough time when some verbally said how to enter them, the only way I learned to enter them was when some showed it to or made me to do it while they were showing how to enter it in the computer and That how I learned. This is same with video games; boys spend more time playing video games than girls. Girls due play video games but not as much as boys do. Video games in education system will make visual learners to retain information without even known that they are learning. Due to its high graphic environment, challenge in the game and it is more hands on learning style. Whenever a product is introduced in the market, first thing I do is talk about is its negative side not the positive side, until I buy it or use it and then I will start talking about is positive side for example when apple announced that they are coming up with iPad. First thing I did was that I went and read about it and then deiced that I will not buy it because Just bigger version of phone or iPod even if the review were great. But after few months I went and brought it now I cannot live without it. Same hing is video games in education system educators look at the negative side of it, than the positive side and try to utilize it for education system. Video games like Alga- Blaster, Reader Rabbits have become popular among students because those games can be easily integrated into the education system and can be used during independent study time (Kurt Squire). There are video games that are not used for educational purpose but have help students to engage actively and think quickly Pac- Man is example for such a video game. This game has made players to work together and share their tips and secrets in finishing the game (Kurt Squire). By sharing ideas students can learn to work in groups and fell confident in sharing their ides with one another freely by not worrying whether their solution is right or wrong. The reason boys spend more time playing video games than studying is because they are entertaining, have high quality graphics and also have trophies or bonus that can be used later in the game. So they feel comfortable playing games for hours and struggle while studying, but they can even spend time reading graphic novels. To encourage students in reading school information video games must have clear goals hat students can find meaningful, multiple goal structure and scoring to give students feedback on their progress, multiple difficulty level to adjust the game difficulty to learn new skills, random element of surprise, and finally emotionally appealing fantasy and metaphor that is related to game skill (Kurt Squire). Video game like Civilization Ill is common among high school history student, but it is not the best game to play or learning information (Kurt Squire). There is no silver bullet that will make students to learn new information the only way possible is by making t interesting and by motivating them. Video games work on teedback system tor example whenever a task I is accomplished in the game there is a bonus or a trophy, which makes player to keep on playing due to high curiosity. The make video games work in your education system educators need to implement Input-process-outcome (IPO) model for learning and playing computer game (Lee Dee Miller). In short this model can be called as a feedback system. This model was later modified to IPO-GD which describes the learning process of students when they are developing or playing games (Lee Dee Miller). Basically it means that whether a game is developed or played by students there has to be feedback system in the game. To implement this model in educational based video games, video games developers have to work with teachers from different fields so that they can make study material interesting and a way to grade their students without letting students know that they are being graded for the study material they are playing as video games. From my personal experience I have solved problems sometimes while playing video games. Sometimes I came up with new idea while playing video games. Even I have questioned myself while playing how is possible and how can I use this in my personal life. For example I like the graphics from the video game The Mummy it has sequence where a book open on its own I am trying to learn that animation portion so that I can use it on my web page in different way. There was a game called The Bible for playstaion2 1 used to play with my brother and sister when they had to review for their Bible quiz on Old Testament. This game was based on events from Old Testament. Before I wanted to be physical therapist I wanted to be software engineer or a video game developer. There are games where people interact with other over the internet and play with them online for hours and sometimes they play with friends, family members staying in different area or with strangers. If they are playing with strangers they develop friends or trust even though they have not seen them in some case it can be harmful or in some cases it has be beneficial. If video games are introduced in our education system this area of video games needs to be exploited properly. This makes them responsible for they are part of learning information while they are playing video games or doing some kind of group work. When I was in middle school, I was afraid to approach most of my middle school teachers for help sometimes it gave me nightmares. With games or the internet students will be able to approach their teachers more freely and teachers will be able to keep the content of the game under control by releasing information that is need for that time Video games have mass appeal among the younger generation especially in United States of America and Japan. https://website.education.wisc.edu/kdsquire/tenure-files/42-cot.pdf https://mcdb.colorado.edu/files/history/mcdb_cu_boulder_history.pdf http://videogames.procon.org/ http://apueduc513.weebly.com/week-2-readingsvideos.html https://www.twulasso.com/

Malaysia †Country book

Malaysia – Country book Free Online Research Papers Executive Summary The purpose of this report is to critically analyze an export strategy for an International company to Malaysia. Im going to assume that the International Company is located in a neighbor country (Australia), â€Å"Kangaroo International† an Australian soy product producer. It was chosen for this task, because of Malaysias increasing demand for westernized but healthy products. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Overview of Product 3. Country Study- Malaysia 3.1 Malaysias environment 3.1.1 Geography 3.1.2 Demographics 3.1.3 Implications of Malaysias national culture 3.1.4 Infrastructure 3.1.5 Technology 3.2 Political/legal forces 3.2.1 Political forces 3.2.2 Legal forces 3.3 Economic and financial environment 3.3.1 Economic overview 3.3.2 Economic performance 3.3.3 Financial performance 3.4 Competitive environment 3.4.1 Intensity of competition 3.4.2 Bargaining power of consumers 3.4.3 Threat of substitute products 3.4.4 Threats of new entrants 4. Marketing Strategy 4.1 Market Based Planning 4.2 Competitive Advantage 4.3 Positioning strategies 5. Market Entry Strategy 6. Marketing Mix 6.1 Product 6.2 Pricing strategies 6.3 Promotion 6.3.1 Contextual Factors affecting promotional campaign 6.3.2 Promotional strategies for Kangaroo International in Malaysia 6.4 Distribution 7. Conclusion 8. References Appendix A- Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions Appendix B -Summary of Cultural Differences Appendix C -SWOT Analysis Appendix D Contextual Factors explained 1. Introduction The purpose of this report is to outline the strategies necessary for Kangaroo International to successfully export Soy Cheese to the Malaysian market. To achieve this, a thorough analysis of the Malaysian business environment was conducted, identifying the key variables that need to taken into account when modifying the product to suit the Malaysian market. This involved researching the external environmental factors, as well as the Malaysian culture and the specific needs and wants of the target consumers. This provided the foundation for the strategic marketing plan and objectives. This involved creating a marketing mix and market entry strategies that most effectively suited the Malaysian market, while at the same time ensuring the success and profitability of Kangaroo International. 2. Overview of Firm and Product Kangaroo International is an Australian Soy Food manufacturer. Established in 1987 and is based in Brisbane, Queensland. Most products are certified Halal and Kosher and all of them contain Australian grown organic, non-GM soybeans as the main ingredient. Of Kangaroo Internationals vast range of products, Organic Soy Cream Cheese and Soy Cheese were selected for this assignment. 3. Country Study- Malaysia 3.1 Malaysias environment No matter where a company operates, external forces have an indirect impact on the organization. The key influencing factors have therefore to be analyzed before entering a new market. This country study intends to give an overview of Malaysia. Table 1 is summarizing the main facts. Table 1 Column1 Malaysia Land area 330,434 sq. Km Population 24 million (2004 estimate) Capital Kuala Lumpur Type of government Federated parliamentary democracy with constitutional monarch Head of State Syed Sirajuddin Syed Putra Jamalulai Prime Minister Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi Next election By March 2009 Currency used Ringgit (RM Source: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2005 . 3.1.1 Geography Malaysia is located just north of the equator, with a hot climate (up to 34C) and humid conditions between 2 to 4 metres of rain annually (Austrade, 2006). The country is easily accessed by air and sea offering many avenues for distribution of the product throughout the country. 3.1.2 Demographics Malaysia has a population of 23.37 million according to the 2000 census, with a growth rate of 1.8 percent. The major ethnic group of Malaysia are the Malays and indigenous people (65.1 percent), this group is predominantly of Muslim religion. The other ethnic groups include the Chinese (26 percent) and Indians (7.7 percent) (Austrade, 2006.). Malaysia has five major religions; these include Muslim, by far the most prevalent at 52%, Buddhism (17%), Taoism (8%), Christian (8%) and Hinduism at 8% (Austrade, 2006). The main language spoken is Bahasa Melayu; however English is also widely spoken and accepted in business practices. 3.1.3 Implications of Malaysias national culture An exact definition of culture is difficult to attain, however there are two main characteristics, which have developed over time, one it is learned and secondly it is shared. Culture influences all facets of society, including what behaviors are acceptable and unacceptable within a society. Fletcher (1979) defines culture as the total way of life within a society. Understanding culture is therefore critical to the success of an international organization. The role of marketing to satisfy the needs and wants of potential customers is highly dependant on the way culture conditions these needs and wants, as well as its influence on how marketing messages are received and interpreted. Culture influences all elements of the marketing mix. One of the most comprehensive studies of the differences between cultures was performed by Hofstede, in which he developed five main dimensions of culture. These included power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism verse collectivism, masculine verse feminine and long-term or short-term orientation. Using Hofstedes dimensions, It can be noticed that Malaysia has a very high score in the power distance index, meaning that Malaysian society accepts inequality and secondly in can be noticed that Malaysia is strongly collectivist, defined as placing more emphasis on the welfare of the group and collective achievement. For more information refer to Appendix A As Malaysia has a complex mixture of non-homogonous ethnic groups and religions, it is critical to determine the target market, in which the product has the greatest competitive advantage as well as potential profitability. As shown in the demographics of Malaysia, the major religion is Muslim at 52%. This has major implications for international firms in Malaysia, as Islamic beliefs have a significant influence on all aspects of a persons life. The two major aspects marketers have to address in the processed food industry include the requirement of food to be Halal, permitted by Islamic law (Austrade, 2006) and the need for the promotional campaign to be sensitive to religious beliefs. For further information on Malaysias culture refer to Appendix B. 3.1.4 Infrastructure Infrastructure is critical in determining the suitability of expanding a business into a foreign country. Infrastructure refers to all the services and facilities that are vital to the efficient functioning of the economy; these include energy supplies, transport, and communications as well as commercial and financial services. Malaysia has one of the most developed infrastructures in the newly industrialized countries of Asia. The area of communication is pivotal in fostering effective communication with the target market, Malaysia has a made significant gains in this area with 10.9 million people having radios (1999), 10.8 million people owning televisions (1999) as well as 5.7 million people who have access to the internet (2002) and 5 million people owning mobile phones (Malaysian Profile, 2006). This provides the marketer with many types of media in which to reach the target market. Malaysia also offers sufficient transportation facilities, such as highways, railways, 114 airpor ts and efficient seaports in which 95% of Malaysias total trade is conducted via the seven international ports (Malaysian Industrial Development Authority, 2006). Malaysias infrastructure offers businesses an environment suitable for the successful implementation of international expansion. 3.1.5 Technology Technology is still the most dramatic force transforming the international environment. As science parks all over the world develop, Malaysia takes a leading position with the nations Kulim Hi-Tech Park which is designed for high technology and RD companies who want to operate in the Asian-Pacific region (Kulim Technology Park Corporation in Yeoh, 2002). The Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE) offers not only the most advanced technologies, but also a very good infrastructure. In combination with well trained human recourses the KLSE will be consistently efficient, modern and cost-effective (Hashim in Yeoh, 2002). TV, radio, phone lines, internet, although of technical nature are key aspects of infrastructure, as a result technology cannot be separated from infrastructure in modern business. From Malaysias overview of infrastructure it can be taken that Malaysias government is conscious of the importance of well developed infrastructure. But Malaysia is also aware that technology alon e is not the key to success, it is only an enabler. Therefore, next to the very well developed and applied technologies, much emphasis is set on the human resource development (Moggie in Yeaoh, 2002). 3.2 Political/legal forces 3.2.1 Political forces The political environment in Malaysia provides a stable and safe country in which to operate a business internationally. Malaysia is a parliamentary democracy in which Abdullah Badawi is the Prime Minister, who took over from Mahathir Mohammad after 22 years in office on the 21st of March (Austrade, 2006). The next general election is scheduled for 2009. 3.2.2 Legal forces There are a number of tariffs, regulations and requirements businesses must conform to in order operate in Malaysia. The government is progressively liberalizing its tariff regime, however, some products that are in competition with locally manufactured products are still highly protected. In the processed food sector imported foodstuffs are subject to inspection and need to comply with labeling laws introduced in March 2004 (Austrade, 2006). Australia and Malaysia currently have a diverse bilateral agreement, however in April 2005 it was decided to move onto to free trade negotiations, this has wide reaching ramifications when exporting to Malaysia and will have to followed closely in order manage the dramatic influences this may have on the business environment (Austrade, 2006). 3.3 Economic and financial environment 3.3.1 Economic overview Malaysia is rich in natural resources and has developed therefore already as a British colony to a worldwide producer of rubber and tin. Although the colonial rule of the British let to a good legal system and an efficient administration, some of the economical drawbacks were that Malaysias products were not differentiated enough and they depended on North America and Europe. The immense exports caused a workforce-demand increase which led to a large Chinese and Indian immigration. 1957 Malaysia changed from a British colony to independency (Austin, 2004). In 1967 Malaysia formed with Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore and the Philippines the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) . Although the foundation was originally political, ASEAN now plays a significant role in the present world economy. Economically ASEAN targets a common market, including a free trade area. Even though Australia is geographically very close, it had not been an important export market. Australian imports consist mainly of food products (Tan, 2003). Today Malaysia is a high middle-income export orientated economy and one of the worlds largest producers of electronic and electrical products (Austrade, 2006). 3.3.2 Economic performance For years Malaysia was an ideal developing country. The climate for investors had been very stable with an average annual growth rate of almost 9 percent and basically full employment (Tan, 2003). But the Asian crisis damaged this picture. The consequence was a deep cut into the GPN of 7,4 percent in 1998. The Malaysian government worked against this crisis with an expansive economic policy and was able to stabilize the economy relatively quickly (Tan, 2003). Ever since Malaysia has consistently maintained its position of 18th largest global exporter, with economic growth averaged at 5.5% in the four-year period between December 2001 and January 2006 (WTO report, December 2005). Also the consistently low levels of unemployment have been maintained while the living standards are good with a life expectancy of 72.5 years, and literacy rates of 89% (Malaysian Profile, 2006). Unfortunately the income distribution is fairly unequally and quite complicated because of three different major racial groups in Malaysia (Tan, 2003). 3.3.3 Financial performance The high annual growth rate in the nineties was connected to a very low inflation rate. Even the Asian crisis didnt increase the prices in an enormous way. The Malaysian government used a very uncommon way to get out of the crisis: Instead of using the help of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), it chose to limit its flows of capital dramatically which was not appreciated by most international investors. After the crisis was handled successfully, the limitations were loosened up again (Tan, 2003). The increased terrorism development in recent years has had significant impacts on Malaysias economical and financial performance. Especially declines of foreign investments. Also less tourism has caused a slower economical growth in the mid term (Tan, 2003). But Malaysia has still managed to increase the measurement of per capita income in the latest four year period, and has received a strong average growth of 8.9 percent. The total public debt although is relatively high, hovering around 69% of GDP, however is expected to drop to 46% of GDP by 2009 due to the implementation of fiscal consolidation strategies by the federal government (IMF report, Article IV 2005). 3.4 Competitive environment Next to the external environmental forces, the competition in which the company competes has to be considered. This is done from two perspectives: In macro- (overseas industrys competitive structure) and micro- point of view (firms) (Grigoriou, 2004). Kangaroo Internationals competitors are both domestic producers and distributors in Malaysia and international companies. 3.4.1 Intensity of competition The Australian Government clearly states the food and agribusiness as one of the key opportunity areas in Malaysia. More specifically organic food, health snacks, cream cheese, and soy pudding and yoghurt are mentioned as current opportunities. As a result, increased (international) competition can be expected in Malaysia (Austrade). Some large international companies (see Table 2) have been present since centuries and have been able to gain local knowledge and train their staff accordingly. Especially the large companies have very strong brands, are experienced and have next to large financial resources a very well developed distribution network (US Foreign Commercial Service, 2003). Table 2: Large Dairy, Soy or Health Food Companies in Malaysia Name Year Products Country of origin Cold storage 1968 Dairy and meat Malaysia Dutch Baby 1963 Milk Holland Nestleacute 1912 Milk, cereals, noodles Switzerland Yeo Hiap Seng 1900 Marketing sale of food, beverages dairy products Malaysia Contra Enterprises 1969 Dairy Malaysia FN Foods Dairy, soft drinks Malaysia Radiant Whole Food new Organic health food Switzerland Tong Garden Snacks Singapore Pikzern 90s Importing and distributing: Dairy, Confectionary, Beverages, Snacks, Sea foods, Vegetarian Food, Seasonal Products Malaysia Source: Adapted from: Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (1994) cited in Muthaly, Ratnatunga Schroder, 1999, p. 116); mycen.com.my/search/food_beverage.html Next to the large multinational and local firms, there are thousands of small, family oriented businesses (Muthaly, Ratnatunga Schroder, 1999). There is also a quite strong presence of Australian and New Zealand dairy product companies. The competition in the organic soy product section is not as tough yet, but all the mentioned factors together create fairly high entry barriers for new importers. 3.4.2 Bargaining power of consumers In general the disposable income of Malaysian customer is either fairly high or quite low (Austrade, 2006). But either way, they are very price sensitive and will definitely look for the best value (which doesnt necessarily have to be the cheapest). Therefore the bargaining power of the buyers is rather high, especially because this market is attractive and gives the consumer a wider choice and lower switching costs (Fletcher Brown, 2005). 3.4.3 Threat of substitute products On a micro level, competitors for Kangaroo International are not only producers of the same product, but also companies who offer substitutes such as dairy products, and health food or organic snacks. On the contrary wine, pizza dough, nachos, pasta, (in general Western style food), dips and crackers are seen as complementarities. Because health food in general is very popular in Malaysia, normal cheese has to be seen as a competitor, but it is believed that with an organic product, Kangaroo International has a good chance to penetrate a niche market. It has to be noted however that switching costs for consumers are fairly low if there is a choice of different organic products available. On a macro perspective competitors to the health food industry are producers with the same product which are not organically certified (normal cheese vs. organic cheese) and which are most often offered to a cheaper price. The food industry in general may see for example the leisure industry as a competitor as well as complementarities industry. They are an opponent if the industries have to compete over a limited budget in which the consumer will have to decide wherever the money will be spent on some more (healthy) snacks or if for example a visit to a botanical garden would be a better alternative. This is mainly because cheese is not an elementary food group. On the other hand the leisure industry can also be a driver, because a pick-nick trip to enjoy the nature may include some healthy food choices. 3.4.4 Threats of new entrants As mentioned in intensity of competition, the threat of new entrants is presently rather high because of the market opportunities. It is believed although that with the right niche-market a sufficient market share should be achievable. However, if the trend stays as it is, the market will, like the dairy market, eventually be saturated. 4. Marketing Strategy In order to develop a marketing strategy a SWOT-Analysis for Kangaroo International in Malaysia needs to be made. The SWOT-Analysis is a necessary tool to understand where the organization is positioned, what the competitive advantages are and where the improvements have to be undertaken. The Analysis for Kangaroo International and the objectives for the first export period can be found in Appendix C. 4.1 Market Based Planning Market based planning is an approach which starts with an analysis of consumer needs, in order to determine how modify the existing product to satisfy these needs (Fletcher Brown, 2005). This is the most appropriate approach for Kangaroo International, when adapting an existing domestic product to suit an international market, in this case Malaysia. The product will still be the same core product, however packaging and labeling will be modified in order to comply with Malaysian legislation and taste. 4.2 Competitive Advantage Kangaroo International will implement a basic competitive positioning strategy of differentiation. This involves concentrating on producing a highly differentiated product, supported by a marketing campaign that focuses on positioning the product as a class leader (Fletcher Brown, 2005). As Table 3 below shows, Kangaroo International will use segmentation to divide the market by geographic, psychographic and behavioral variables to create a significant competitive advantage (Kotler et al, 2004). Table 3 King Internationals Market Segmentation Step Geographic Segmentation Goal Market share 1st target on consumers in urban areas (large cities) large supermarkets Until product is well established AUS $0.3 million in first year 2nd target on consumers in urban areas smaller intermediaries Until product creates a good customer awareness AUS $3 million in first three years 3rd target on rural areas smaller intermediaries Market leader in organic soy cheese and soy cream cheese Psychographic segmentation Consumer who value healthy lifestyle Behavioral segmentation Benefits sought 4.3 Positioning strategies Product positioning is defined as; The way the product is defined by consumers on important attributes; the place the product occupies in the consumers minds relative to competing products (Kotler et al, 2004). To achieve product positioning in a favorable manner, Kangaroo International can implement a number of strategies. These are outlined below Product Positioning Strategies * They can position their products on specific product attributes * Products can be positioned on the needs they fill or on the benefits they offer * Products can be positioned according to usage occasions * Product is positioned for certain classes of users * Product can be positioned directly against a competitor * Product can be positioned for different product classes Kangaroo International will focus on two main strategies of both product attributes and the benefits offered. Firstly the product attributes to be reinforced will include that Kangaroo Soy Cheese is Australian made, particularly important in Asian cultures where it is perceived that higher levels of status are associated with Western products. Other critical product attributes are the non-GM, organic grown soy used, a critical attribute to the success in the Malaysian market. Secondly, it will be stressed that Kangaroo International Soy Products offer the major benefit of increased health. Research shows that soy can help lower cholesterol and reduce the risk of heart disease, osteoporosis, cancer and diabetic, kidney disease (Soyfood, 2003). These factors coupled with a focus on product quality will allow Kangaroo international to attain a favorable position in the consumers mind relative to competitors. 5. Market Entry Strategy Once a market has been identified as profitable, the mode of entry has to be chosen. Evaluation of market entry modes involves a trade off between degree of control and commitment of resources (Fletcher Brown, 2005). For Kangaroo International a direct exporting mode in a combination with strategic alliances has been chosen. The products will not be sold directly to the end user but distributed through supermarket chains. Without ever been active in Malaysia, Kangaroo International will definitely need local partners who have the know-how to run the daily business. Strategic alliances are non-equity contractual relationships (Fletcher Brown) and will be building with the Malaysian International Chamber of Commerce and Industry (MICCI), the Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers (FMM), and the supermarket chains. The MICCI is Malaysias oldest chamber of commerce. The FMM is Malaysias economic organization, representing over 2000 manufacturing and industrial service companies (FMM, 2006 ). Advantages and disadvantages of direct export and strategic alliances can be listed as follows:- Advantages of a direct export Minimizes risk and investment. Speed of entry Maximizes scale; uses existing facilities. Disadvantages of a direct export Trade barriers tariffs add to costs. Transport costs Limits access to local information Company viewed as an outsider Advantages of a Strategic Alliance Increased leverage Strategic alliances allow you to gain greater results from your company’s core strengths Risk sharing A strategic alliance with an international company will help to offset your market exposure and allow you to jointly exploit new opportunities. Opportunities for growth Strategic alliances can create the means by which small companies can grow. By â€Å"marrying† your company’s product to somebody else’s distribution, or your RD to a partner’s production skills, you may be able to expand your business overseas more quickly and more cheaply than by other means. Greater responsiveness By allowing you to focus on developing your core strengths, strategic alliances provide the ability to respond more quickly to change and opportunity. Disadvantages of a Strategic Alliance High commitment – time, money, people Difficulty of identifying a compatible partner Potential for conflict A small company risks being subsumed by a larger partner Strategic priorities change over time Payment difficulties Political risk in the country where the strategic alliance is based If the relationship breaks down, the cost/ownership of market information, market intelligence and jointly developed products can be an issue. It is also considered to hire a local consulting firm for the Malaysian marketing and promotion. The marketing wouldnt be outsourced because Kangaroo International has chosen with its direct export mode to keep as much control as possible. Williamsons transaction cost approach suggests that control is the most important determinant of risk and return and that high-control entry modes increase return and risk (Fletcher Brown). Williamsons theory is outlined below Williamsons transaction cost approach Chosen entry mode should provide control, based on the following functions: * Transaction specific assets including specialized physical or human investments such as proprietary processes or products at an early stage of the product life cycle. * External uncertainty reflecting unpredictability in the chosen overseas market due to economic and political factors. * Internal uncertainty related to difficulties in exercising control over the agent in the overseas market due to lack of experience, culture and linguistic knowledge and familiarity with business customs and practices. * Free riding potential, which refers to an agents ability to exploit the relationship for personal advantage such as by degrading the brand name or by taking on the line to neutralize its competitive impact. Source: Fletcher Brown In Kangaroo Internationals case the company possesses transaction specific assets, which are the production knowledge of the organic soy cheese, and the uncertainty about the new market is high. Therefore a high control mode seems to be the most appropriate entry mode. 6 Marketing Mix 6.1 Product Kangaroo Soy Cheese is a tangible, consumer-orientated product incorporating the companys cheese making core competencies. The product has been adapted to suit market requirements of Malaysia on the strategy of market based planning. This will include modifying products packaging and labeling to meet local labeling laws, which were modified in 2004. Most notably changes will be made to the label contents and language. Also some marketing research will be undertaken to analyze the taste of Malaysians in terms of product size and packaging style like colors etc. The packaging size of products in general is smaller in Malaysia (Nestl, 2006) mainly because like this it is cheaper to buy one unit, and the product can be consumed more quickly. 6.2 Pricing strategies Malaysian consumer behavior is continually changing, with increased urbanization and concentration of wealth in cities, coupled with a more westernized culture, consumers are more discreet in their spending and will shop around for cheaper alternatives (Austrade, 2006). This has many implications for Kangaroo International when determining a pricing strategy. These changes in consumer behavior have resulted in higher levels of price sensitivity, requiring greater levels of competitive advantage in order to attract sales. Kangaroo International is faced with an inverse demand curve in the Malaysian market, meaning as the price of the product increases the amount of the product demanded decreases. The channels of distribution have a dramatic impact on the price charged to the end user in an international market, as each intermediary adds their own mark-up (Fletcher Brown, 2005). As such Kangaroo International has taken care to employ only those intermediaries that are critical to distribution of Kangaroo Soy Cheese in an attempt to reduce international price escalation (Fletcher Brown, 2005). Kangaroo International will implement market differentiated pricing, in which pricing is determined by market conditions of Malaysia, in relation to affordability of the product, nature of competition and strategic objectives of the firm (Fletcher Brown, 2005). The pricing strategy adopted by Kangaroo international in Malaysia will be based on a combination of Cost-Plus pricing and Marketplace pricing. This entails adding a specified mark-up percentage to the total cost of the product, while at the same time considering what are considered competitive prices in the local market (Fletcher Brown, 2005). This mark-up can manipulated accordingly with changes in environmental variables such as level of competition and demand as well as internal factors such a business expansion and increased supply costs (Fletcher Brown, 2005). 6.3 Promotion 6.3.1 Contextual Factors affecting promotional campaign During the process of developing the promotional campaign for an international product it is critical to evaluate how it will be influenced by contextual factors. These include culture, language, education, economic development, media infrastructure and government regulation (Fletcher Brown, 2005). These environmental factors act as interference between the successful encoding and decoding of a marketing communications. The implications of these factors are explained in Appendix D. 6.3.2 Promotional strategies for Kangaroo International in Malaysia Kangaroo International will implement a promotional campaign that will predominantly focus on pull strategies, however push strategies will be utilized. A pull strategy targets the end user through a variety of advertising, publicity and public relations in order to stimulate demand (Fletcher Brown, 2005). This will be complemented by the main push strategy medium of sales promotion, in particular trade shows. The advertising strategy undertaken by Kangaroo International will target opinion leaders, in order to generate positive word of mouth amongst consumers. This strategy relies on the fact that word of mouth is generally the most important means of promoting a product, as it more respected and easier for the consumer to believe (Gremler, Gwinner Brown 2001). This is of particular importance when appealing to the collectivist culture of Malaysia, where loyalty and trust are of the upmost importance (Patterson, Smith, 2001). The advertising campaign of Kangaroo International will initially focus on the mediums of newspapers, magazines, internet and radio due to limited resources, however as the business becomes more profitable, higher cost mediums such as television will be implemented to further increase market share. Magazines offer a selective way of reaching the target market, in this case, important opinion leaders (Fletcher Brown, 2005). The magazines of focus are trendy lifestyle magazines, such as CLEO Malaysias fastest growing lifestyle magazine and health magazines such as Health and Fitness and Buletin CME, which is monthly. The newspapers selected to advertise through are chosen due to the higher levels of trust by consumers and because they cover local entertainment and culture. These titles are Barita Harian and Vanakkam Malaysia. Radio offers the advantage of low cost and high levels of reach (Fletcher Brown, 2005). Market research identified National FM as the most appropriate station f or Kangaroo International promotional campaign. In order to build consumer trust and brand awareness, Kangaroo International will use Public relations heavily. This will include sponsoring local health initiatives as well as important sporting events in Malaysia, to achieve strong associations between our product and a healthy, popular lifestyle. 6.4 Distribution Using direct exporting, Kangaroo International will deliver its products to Malaysian supermarket chains. The alliance with MICCI and FMM will help in this process. Malaysias retail sector is highly fragmented with many small to medium-sized markets. Of course the use of retailers (supermarkets) will lead to some loss of control. For example Kangaroo International will not be able to state exactly where the product will be placed on the shelve. The good experiences in Australia lead to the conclusion that this will still be the best way to bring the product to the consumer. A direct distribution would be too expensive. However, an internet based distribution may be considered in a later state. There are around 500 supermarkets and hypermarkets, approximately 120 convenience stores and a rather large amount of traditional food stores (900000 nationwide). Table 4 shows the percentage of sales that goes through these retail outlets. Table 4 Percentage of Sales in specific retail outlet Retail Sector Sales by Type of Business* (2000) Sales (%) Department stores, supermarkets, and hypermarkets 20 Grocery stores and similar outlets 20.5 Convenience stores 9.3 Household, personal goods, and other stores** 50.2 *: Excludes wet market, morning market, night market and other non-permanent retail facilities. **: These establishments were not involved in the sale of food and beverage products. Source: exporthotline.com/upload/731A3377-74C5-4191-88F1-31A9489495E8.html An increasing number of middle to upper-income Malaysians are shopping in the modern supermarkets which are mainly located in urban areas. Some more growth of the major supermarket chains is forecasted (US Foreign Commercial Service). Since Kangaroo Internationals target group is focused on health aware consumers in the middle and upper income group, this seems to be the right distribution channel. The traditional grocery stores sell all sorts of products and are located in urban and rural areas (US Foreign Commercial Service). This is where the majority of Malaysians shop and in the beginning the grocery stores in larger cities should be targeted as well. Rural areas will not be a target market until the company is well established in Malaysia, customer awareness has been created and a reasonable market share has been reached. 7. Conclusion Kangaroo International is an Australian Soy food manufacturer, which is currently in the process of looking to become an international firm, by exporting products to Malaysia. This report outlines the strategies and objectives put into place in order to successfully export Kangaroo Soy Cheese to Malaysia. This is achieved by first conducting a detailed analysis of the environmental factors within Malaysia, this includes identifying the aspects which need to be considered when modifying the product to suit the Malaysian consumer. The analysis revealed that Malaysia has a stable government, with positive economic performance expected to continue into the future. The infrastructure and technology environment provide substantial opportunities for an international business to prosper. The Malaysian culture is of a very collectivist nature and places high priority on trust and respect, there is also a high proportion of the population being Muslim, this has such implications as providing H alal certified products. Once these environmental factors were taken into account a marketing strategy was developed, modifying the marketing mix to most effectively fit with the Malaysian business environment. It is believed that these strategies implemented by Kangaroo International will allow the business to gain a significant competitive advantage and prosper in the Malaysian market. References: Anonymous 2003, Health benefits of Soy food, Soyfood, USA, Vol. 6, Iss. 1 Austin, IP, GK, 2004, Goh Keng Swee and Southeast Asian Governance, Marshall Cvendish International, Singapore. Austrade, Processed Food to Malaysia, viewed 26 April 2006, . Fletcher R. Brown L. 2005, International Marketing; An Asia Pacific Perspective 3rd Edition, Pearson Education Australia, Frenchs Forest NSW FMM, 2006, viewed 5 May 2006, Gremler, D., Gwinner, K. Brown, S 2001; Generating positive word-of-mouth communication through customer-employee relationships, International Journal of Service Industry Management, Vol. 12, Iss. 1; pg. 44. Info Please Encyclopaedia, Malaysian Country Profile, viewed 24th April 2006, Kangaroo International, Homepage, viewed 25 April 2006, . Kotler P, Brown L, Adam S Armstrong G 2004, Marketing 6th Edition, Pearson Education Australia, Frenchs Forest NSW Nestl, 2006, viewed 5 May 2006, Patterson, P. Smith, T 2001; Relationship benefits in service industries: a replication in a Southeast Asian context, The Journal of Services Marketing, Vol. 15, Iss. 6/7; pg. 425, 19 pgs Royal Malaysian Customs, Importer/Exporter, viewed 26 April 2006, . Tan, G, 2003, ASEAN Economic Development and Cooperation, Times Media, Singapore. US Foreign Commercial Service, 2003, viewed 10 May 2006, World Trade Organization, Trade Policy Review Body: Malaysia, viewed 25 April 2006, Appendix A- Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions Power Distance Index (PDI) focuses on the degree of equality, or inequality, between people in the countrys society. A High Power Distance ranking indicates that inequalities of power and wealth have been allowed to grow within the society. These societies are more likely to follow a caste system that does not allow significant upward mobility of its citizens. A Low Power Distance ranking indicates the society de-emphasizes the differences between citizens power and wealth. In these societies equality and opportunity for everyone is stressed. Individualism (IDV) focuses on the degree the society reinforces individual or collective achievement and interpersonal relationships. A High Individualism ranking indicates that individuality and individual rights are paramount within the society. Individuals in these societies may tend to form a larger number of looser relationships. A Low Individualism ranking typifies societies of a more collectivist nature with close ties between individuals. These cultures reinforce extended families and collectives where everyone takes responsibility for fellow members of their group. Masculinity (MAS) focuses on the degree the society reinforces, or does not reinforce, the traditional masculine work role model of male achievement, control, and power. A High Masculinity ranking indicates the country experiences a high degree of gender differentiation. In these cultures, males dominate a significant portion of the society and power structure, with females being controlled by male domination. A Low Masculinity ranking indicates the country has a low level of differentiation and discrimination between genders. In these cultures, females are treated equally to males in all aspects of the society. Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) focuses on the level of tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity within the society i.e. unstructured situations. A High Uncertainty Avoidance ranking indicates the country has a low tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity. This creates a rule-oriented society that institutes laws, rules, regulations, and controls in order to reduce the amount of uncertainty. A Low Uncertainty Avoidance ranking indicates the country has less concern about ambiguity and uncertainty and has more tolerance for a variety of opinions. This is reflected in a society that is less rule-oriented, more readily accepts change, and takes more and greater risks. Long-Term Orientation (LTO) focuses on the degree the society embraces, or does not embrace long-term devotion to traditional, forward thinking values. High Long-Term Orientation ranking indicates the country prescribes to the values of long-term commitments and respect for tradition. This is thought to support a strong work ethic where long-term rewards are expected as a result of todays hard work. However, business may take longer to develop in this society, particularly for an outsider. A Low Long-Term Orientation ranking indicates the country does not reinforce the concept of long-term, traditional orientation. In this culture, change can occur more rapidly as long-term traditions and commitments do not become impediments to change. Appendix B -Summary of Cultural Differences As stated earlier if an international firm is to be successful it must understand how cultures differ, these differences can be identified in a number of key concepts. First cultures differ in their attitudes towards time. Assumptions about time are very deep seated in cultures (Fletcher Brown, 2005). In general it is necessary to allow longer periods of time for business transactions in Asian countries than that of Western countries, this is particularly evident in the Malaysian business environment. This is due to Asian countries adopting a polychronic view of time in which time is cyclic and everything in life must be dealt with in terms of its own time (Fletcher Brown, 2005). This Contrasts the Western countries approach of a monochronic view, in which time is linear having a beginning and an end, with a focus on schedules and time is money (Fletcher Brown, 2005). The second concept is space; this can be both physical and abstract. Physical space refers to both location and size of offices and personal proximity (Fletcher Brown, 2005). This is demonstrated in western societies where office size and location define status, this is not the case in all cultures. Secondly personal space differs between cultures. Third, the concept of familiarity is important to understanding the speed in which friendships are formed, level of superficiality, obligations of friendship (Fletcher Brown, 2005). This is of particular importance when operating in Malaysia as trust and respect are integral parts of the culture. The fourth difference is in consumption patterns, these are reflected in varied views of material possessions and dress. In some cultures, Western for example, power is symbolized by material possessions. Appendix C -SWOT Analysis Internal view Strength excellent products * Organic * Halal (and Kosher) conform * Non-GM * Soy product counts as healthy food (lowers cholesterol) * Soy-cheese will be better for Asian people who have in general problems when they digest diary products. They will be able to enjoy cheese without the side effects * Wide product range (next to soy cheese and soy cream cheese many more soy products such as yoghurt, milk, and butter are produced) * Australian products stand for guaranteed high quality * Product can be accepted as alternative to local products and because soy based can fit in with local culture focus on building export markets successful in Australian market knowledgeable in different soy product production and handling technical alibility to adapt production efficiently to meet buyers needs Long tradition, established in 1987 Loyal, well trained (Australian) staff May use existing staff to manage export Companys name is already indicating international marketing opportunities (Kangaroo International). brand recognition by Australian target consumer (within Australia, but Australians will also recognize the product if they go overseas) support (knowledge) form Australian government if the company wants to enter Malaysia English is spoken in Malaysia Geographically close Australia has good connections to Malaysia Strategic Plan Weaknesses No previous experience with Malaysia Fresh products are preferred by locals Locals prefer low-priced, known products Alliances might not work Excessive capital needed Current premises may not meet export standards Product design might use some alteration Homepage only in English, not in Malay; not ready for internet sale Regular visits of Management costly and too time consuming External view Opportunities Trend to westernization in Asian countries Relatively large customer segment in Malaysia Possible Free Trade agreement between Australia and Malaysia Malaysia is political stable Wawassa 2020 (vision 2020). Malaysia has plans to achieve 1st world status (Madrid, 2004) Malaysia is a rapidly developing 2nd world economy Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE) Domestic Mutual funds o Traditional equity o Fixed income o Islamic funds: money market and fixed income (Madrid, 2004) Overseas Mutual funds which target Malaysia Threats Supply of some of the products are subject to seasonal changes Fairly high entry barriers through well established dairy products Cultural differences Emerging market risks Domestic Mutual funds o Fixed income: risk analogous to US bond funds Legacies of assertive policies of 1998 Malaysia has liquidity problems (Madrid, 2004) Critical Success Factors 1. A country knowledge has to be established and management will have to visit Malaysia frequently 2. Financial Recourses and Human capital has to be guaranteed at all time 3. Products must be continuously deliverable Objectives Following objectives would like to be reached in the first exporting period. 1. Establish a market for Kangaroo Soy Cheese and Cream Cheese in Malaysia a. AUS $0.3 million in year one b. AUS $3.0 million in year three 2. Establish customer awareness 3. Establish well founded business connections and reliable networking Appendix D Contextual Factors explained As mentioned earlier in the paper culture plays a pivotal role in determining whether or not a product will be successful in an international market. As a result it is critical to understand the manner in which culture influences the target consumers perceptions of the marketing campaign of Kangaroo Soy Cheese in Malaysia. To address this issue the variety of promotional tools implemented throughout the marketing campaign will highlight that Kangaroo Soy Cheese is Halal certified and sensitive to the Muslim religion in order to avoid offending or disrespecting the local culture of Malaysia. Cultures also vary in the way the context of verbal and non-verbal messages are interpreted. As a result cultures fall onto a continuum between low and high context cultures (Fletcher Brown, 2005). A high context culture is one in which what is said conveys a limited amount of the message meaning, instead greater emphasis of interpretation is placed on how and where it is being said, as well as t he status and body language of the speaker. Malaysia falls into the category of a high context culture, a characteristic that has a significant impact on the correct approach to deliver the desired message. Consequently the promotional campaign will use opinion leaders of high social status to endorse the product, while ensuring that the appropriate emphasis is placed on non-verbal cues. The second factor which must be accounted for in order effectively communicate with the target market is language. Languages differ in the way they convey meaning, the precision of this message, the degree to which things are implied as opposed to specified and the extent to which messages are conveyed through verbal or non verbal cues (Fletcher Brown, 2005). As a result just translating one language into another seldom conveys the message accurately. While English is spoken in Malaysia and may be suitable in business situations, to effectively reach the target consumers it is considered vital to ensure that promotional mediums are communicated in Bahasa Melayu the native language of Malaysia. Care will be taken to correctly translate the message from English to Bahasa Melayu in order to accurately portray the desired message. These strategies will foster greater levels of communication reach and acceptance amongst the target consumers. The final factor of importance, to Kangaroo Internationals marketing communications within Malaysia, is government regulation. Strict censorship laws exist within Malaysia and must be complied with at all times (Austrade, 2006). Consequently all marketing communications will be thoroughly checked before public release to ensure compliance with current government regulations. Once these environmental factors that inhibit effective communication with the target market are overcome, strategies for the international promotion can be developed. Research Papers on Malaysia - Country bookDefinition of Export QuotasPETSTEL analysis of IndiaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeThe Project Managment Office SystemResearch Process Part One

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Italian Immigrant Families and Aboriginal Families in Canada - Essay Example Original subcultures give a family a sense of belonging and enhance the process of socialization through which parents can instill the values, beliefs, and attitudes of their children. Both Italian and aboriginal families are forced to live in poor urban shanties because of lack of acceptance and poverty levels in Canada. For Italians, the family is a resourceful and dynamic structure that is forced to compromise because of the different demands in the bicultural and bilingual Canadian setting. To adapt the two cultures and survive in Canada, the family is forced to adopt cultural and linguistic aspects and develops a synthetic culture made up of cultural elements from both societies (Colalillo 120). On the other hand, the Aborigine family has refused to let go of their traditional cultural systems to maintain their identity. However, they find it hard to maintain their lifestyle and customs because of aggravating poverty and lack of government support. Most of them were moved to res erve lands during the colonial era and despite the resettlement treaties signed by the government, they have remained refugees in their homeland. In the reserves, the aborigines families are isolated, have insufficient wildlife and natural resources, and government funding for subsistence. Literature indicates Italians immigrant families have experienced alienation that has led to breaking of families, disruptions of family life as laid down by the Italian culture and moved to unfamiliar territories. In addition, sociologists indicate that Italian immigrant families in Canada are forced to live in urban villages and never get an opportunity to be fully integrated into Canadian society (Colalillo, 123). Experts say that literature on assimilation and integration creates conflicts between children and their parents when they criticize parents for being left the ethnic ghetto. The effort to assimilate attempts to remove cultural baggage (Italian culture) and quantifies the gains of the second generation. On the other hand, Over the years, the literature indicates that the aboriginal people have undergone suffering and poverty because of their adamant to get rid of their nomadic cultural system. In Canadian society, aborigines are stereotyped and their relationship with other communities is tainted by mutual mistrust and misunderstanding. Long during the colonization period, the state of Canada tried to eliminate the aboriginal culture through the use of discriminatory laws that were aimed at assimilating them. Because of the state of poverty and government alienation, the aborigines have been forced to move to urban centers and states show that their population is one of the fast growing in the Canadian urban centers. However, because of the lack of basic survival skills, most of them are forced to enlarge in crime to support their families. Moreover, the community's poverty makes it vulnerable to victimization and assault sexually and physically. The statistics report indicates that the bringing families living in urban centers are likely to be poor, with an estimation of more than 80% of their children being raised in poverty-stricken families.

Partnership Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Partnership Accounting - Assignment Example The company was founded in the year 1994. The company has a global presence and caters to almost all the countries of the world. The company has employee strength of 109 thousand employees as in 2013. Since it is an e-retail company there is requirement for technical as well as staff for supply chain. The company has to depend on the competitive intelligence in form of the consumer data so that the company is being able to understand the needs of the consumers through their browsing history and can stock up their inventory levels as and when required. Thus it is important for the company to have a combination of a good retail supply chain workforce and as technical people who would be available with the company to support the technical aspects of the operations. However the turnover for Amazon is very high. Most of the employees do not stay in the organisation for more than one year. This report is an attempt to find out the reasons for such high rate of turnover. The basis for the s tudy is mainly primary as well as secondary research. The section of the literature review explores the studies that have been made by the authors about this issue of turnover in the business environment. Literature Review The topic of employee turnover has been studies and researched by a huge number of scholars over a very long period of time. In the Human resources framework, the rate of turnover of the employees is the rate at which an employer acquires his employees and loses the employees. The high rate of turnover is an indication of the fact that the employees in an organisation would work in the organisation for a shorter span of time. This is generally a rate that is determined after comparing in the other industries playing in the same market. The turnover metric is determined by dividing the total number of parting workers who have left within a year by the number of employees who were engaged in the company for that particular year (Cascio and Boudreau, 2011, p. 80). Th e same metric has been used by Price in his modelling of turnover (Price, 1977, pp. 10-25). For a particular labour market there are about the same number of employees that rotate around in the different markets. Most of the management practitioners have argued that there are several reasons that contribute to the turnover rate of the companies (Kevin, Joan and Adrian, 2004, pp. 161-166). The event of turnover is time consuming and the management of a company cannot officially stop an employee from leaving the organisation. In most cases the employees are lured away by other organisations operating in the same industry by offering a higher salary. However, it has been found out through intensive research that the employees cite this reason only to disguise some other major reason for which they leave the organisation. Review Findings There are several other reasons for which an employee decides to leave an organisation. Job related stress is one of the causes which contribute to the high rate of turnover among the employees. The level of satisfaction in a particular job is also another major reason for the high rate of turnover. Most of the employees remain dissatisfied with the work that they perform and they feel that it does not meet their self actualisation needs fully. Research has also shown that the level of compensation that the employees get from their present employer is not satisfactory or the perquisites are not up to the industry standards. This forces the employees to shift to a new organisation. On the other hand, in case of mostly the manufacturing organisations or the companies that involves jobs

United States public debt Essay Example for Free

United States public debt Essay The United States deficit, surplus, and debt will always have an impact on taxpayers. In the state of high deficit the government seeks ways to cut and save money for debt payment. The government does this by pulling funding from programs that have little government impact. Increasing taxes also supplies the government with extra income. In addition to the reduction or elimination of certain tax credits, the government analyzes school funding for cost effectiveness. Each step the government takes has a trickling effect on taxpayer’s dollar. The Effects of U.  S. Deficit, Surplus, and Debt When a surplus exists, the government has extra funds to spare and infuse into the economy. This surplus will increase government programs. When the government has a surplus it focuses on its needs by order of necessity, similar to the way individuals do when they have extra money. This can lead to new tax credits for taxpayers. However, when the nation is in debt the taxpayers are also in debt. The government uses tax money to finance their operations. If debt increases taxes go up, if debt decreases taxes lower for most. Effects on Future Social Securities and Medicare Taxpayers are affected by the U. S. deficit when there is a shortfall in revenue, which is the result of the National Debt increasing. Surpluses also have an effect on taxpayers as well. Programs like Social Security and Medicare receive government funding from tax money. Social Security takes contributions made by citizens to accumulate a surplus, which it uses to buy government bonds, which are government debt. These bonds accumulate and eventually mature. The money from the mature bonds helps to pay retirees. As American citizens contribute money into Social Security, the bond purchases mean that the government owes the Social Security program the value of the bonds purchases (Colander, 2010). The debt reported by the government for this purchase, however, is for on-budget accounts, while the U. S. reports unified accounts which include on-budget accounts but also adds off-budgets accounts as well. Like Social Security, Medicare relies on contributions made by citizens. However, Medicare makes use of third party payer markets, which helps people receive services who may be different from those who provide the services. Third party payer systems take contributions to help defray the cost or expense of providing the service while a portion of the services, such as Medicare, are paid by the consumer through the use of a co-payment system. The expenses incurred by instituting a program, such as Social Security, means that the costs of using this program are set against any revenues made for that same year. The cost of running Medicare and Social Security will rise as more Americans reach retirement â€Å"This will require more benefits be paid out than revenues are coming in, thus increasing the expenses and increasing the deficit† (Blahous, 2011). â€Å"The Social Security Administration figures that by the year 2040 the SS trust fund will be used up causing utilization of one of three options: borrowing, increasing revenue, or lowering benefits. The Medicare program is estimated to be much closer to crisis than the SS trust fund. In contrast to current Medicare and Social Security benefits budget of 35 percent, an increase to 60-65% may be necessary as early as 2030† (Colander, 2010). Current legislative discussions by political parties recognize the potential impact on future economic growth that this increasing deficit may have and are seeking ways to address as well as reform programs such as Medicare and Social Security. Unemployment and the Deficit Just as Social Security and Medicare are affected by the United States deficit and surplus, so is the unemployment rate. Increasing unemployment rates increase the deficit thus naturally reducing the deficit decreases unemployment rates as well. According to Ginsburg and Ayres (n. d. ), â€Å"The President and Congress try to outdo one another on who can cut the Federal budget deficit the most. But efforts to reduce the deficit at the expense of necessary social programs are unnecessary and counter-productive. In fact, much of the recent reduction in the deficit is due to the decline in unemployment† (p. 1). With record high deficits within the last years the idea of the government spending to spur the economy that ultimately would help reduce the unemployment level seems near impossible without further affecting the deficit rather than helping reduce it. University of Phoenix Students When students default on their loans, it adds to the national debt. The main problem lies in the fact that newly graduated students can’t find jobs that pay enough to reduce their debt â€Å"Tarah Toney worked two full-time jobs to put herself through college, at McMurry University in Abilene, Texas, and still has $75,000 in debt. She graduated in six years with a Bachelor’s in English and wanted to go on to teach high school† (Jaffe, 2011). Yet the government still requires the students to make on time payments. A surplus allows the government to use more money for grants and loans. The extra money from the budget goes into programs like the Pell grant. This enables more students to borrow or receive money to attend college. A deficit of funds affects students the same way student debt affects the government. To combat debt, cuts to government funding will take place. When the government cuts education funding, programs that fund grants lose money. The United States International Financial Reputation In addition to domestic ramifications regarding the United States deficit, surplus, and debt, international standing can waver due to a weak economy. These topics play an immense part in formulating this nation’s global standing. Maintaining its reputation as a world superpower is arduous during economic crisis. The deficit consists of the dissimilarly in government’s income and its disbursement. Other countries closely watch the deficit/surplus gap. America reputation rest whether it is positive or negative on the amount of the deficit. When the nation spending exceeds the amount it receives, America’s economy seems to be at risk. A surplus in funds strikes a balance to the United States receiving more money than it spends. Hall (2012) states, â€Å"†¦surpluses and deficits result from policy choices about government spending and taxes† (para. 6). If a surplus transpire because of the government not administering funds toward the policies that can help the United States run more efficiently, this can shed a negative light on its globe’s personal image. A Domestic Automotive Manufacturing (Exporter) As an exporter of domestic automobiles, the nation’s deficit, surplus, and debt can impose the prospering or nonsuccess of exporting. An economic strain on funds seeps down and effects American businesses. America prospers from its export and import business. Exporters in the automotive manufacturing lament when the nation’s deficit/debt is high. When America economy is failing, it experiences a lofty volume of automotive imports. American automotive manufacturers languish during economic decline. The automobile industry as a whole continues to be depressed as a result of the global economic depression† (Thompson Merchant, 2010, p. 12). Despite America’s economic problems Japanese manufacturers appear to thrive. Thompson and Merchant (2010) state, â€Å"†¦foreign automakers Toyota and Honda continued to achieve record high revenue levels through 2008 as they increased their market share in the United States† (pg. 12). During a surplus, automotive exports escalate for American manufacturers. A surplus in funds results in the nation’s ability to pay its impounding debt. Lowering debt equals lower interest rates. A surplus makes it easier for manufacturers to safeguard loans to export automotive parts. U. S. Deficit Effect on International Import The economies deficits, surpluses, and debt have an influence on both an Italian clothing design importer and GDP. For example, America can import clothing from an Italian clothing company. If the country has a financial deficit, they must reduce importation and focus on local product. This hurts international trade. A government surplus allows the country to purchase an increased amount of foreign goods. Surpluses, deficits, and debts also affect the nations GDP. As imports increase and deficits and debts increase, the GPD in the nation will decrease as less domestic goods are being sold in the country. When exports increase and a surplus occurs than GDP will increase as well as when there are more domestic products being sold in and out of the nation. Gross domestic product is the amount of products made in the country and sold. These can be both domestic products made and sold here along with exports made and sold elsewhere.

The Cell Phone Industry :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Cell Phone Industry Cell phone manufacturers and service providers are at the core of the cell phone industry.   These corporations are integral from their research and development endeavors to interactions with the consumer and the marketing of new products.   The companies that control such factors of cellular phones are very numerous, so it is difficult to address all the cell phone manufacturers and service providers.   However, we have focused largely on only the most significant cellular companies namely in the U.S. marketplace, although many have global ties.   Collectively, companies around the world have the same goals in mind – to create desirable cutting-edge technology and to increase consumer satisfaction with hopes of generating sales, and thus profits.      Manufacturers and service providers of cell phones are located throughout the world, although, as inCode, a wireless business and technology consulting firm, suggests, â€Å"Not many wireless carriers today have a truly global presence.†Ã‚   However, the company predicts that â€Å"the top 10 wireless carriers are going to make a push for globalization in the coming years† (â€Å"InCode releases†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ).   Most especially, inCode foresees service providers reaching to â€Å"unconquered markets like China, which is the fastest growing wireless market in the world† (â€Å"InCode releases†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ).   Some companies have already tapped into the global marketplace, spreading areas of coverage across continents.   The cell phone manufacturer Nokia, for example, is rooted in Finland, but sells cellular phone products virtually everywhere on the globe.   Service providers, although most often more less expansive in scope, are also trying to provide more global coverage.    Global service coverage is in large demand, especially from businessmen who frequently travel.   Linda Stern suggests in Newsweek to global travelers that they should â€Å"buy your phone and service from T-Mobile, AT&T or Cingular, the only three U.S. companies to use the internationally dominant GSM (Global System for Mobile communication).†Ã‚   Depending on the service provider, one may or may not get coverage in other countries.   For example, Verizon customers enjoy phones that work in Latin America, while Cingular customers have coverage in Europe.   Even better is AT&T Wireless, which offers â€Å"vast international coverage† or TMobile, another international carrier (Stern).   Service coverage varies greatly by carrier, with some reaching many countries and others only small portions of a single country.    Part of the reason for the absence of a truly global cellular company is because it is difficult for companies to keep up with the changing trends across the world, as consumers in different parts of the world demand different technologies and products.

Memories of my childhood days Essay

Memories of my Childhood Days My first recollection of my childhood is the day I down the stairs when I was three years old. I was so happy that time I cried and cried for nearly an hour in spite of my parents’ attempts at comforting me. Finally, I quietened down when I was given ice- cream and chocolates. Luckily, I was not hurt because the stairs is not to steep. My days were happy ones before I started going to school, as I had good neighbours to play with me.I was playing from morning till evening. We played games outdoors like Batu Seremban,Police entry and Lumba Lari. There were also other games to occupy our time until my mother bring a rattan to call me back.. At the age of five years, I had to attend kindergarten and this turned out to be quite an ordeal for me. To begin with, I felt very sad having to leave my mother and go off each morning to be amongst strangers. I cried and wanted my mother around, much to my teacher’s displeasure. As the days went by, however, I made friends easily in class and found company. I became happy again and actually looked forward to leaving the house each morning. I still remember those days when I was learning to ride a bicycle. I fell and bruised myself several times but I never gave up. Finally, I was able to join my friends going around the neighbourhood on my bike. Another fond memory is the end-of-year concert held at the kindergarten. I was chosen to play the role of Princess in the play, ‘Princess and Gunung Ledang’, and I became a celebrity overnight receiving lots of compliments for my performance. I now realise what a wonderful childhood I have had and at times wish I could relive those days.

Chinese Communist Party in the Civil War in 1949 Essay

The Chinese Civil War, which lasted from 1927 to 1949, was a civil war in China which the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) overthrew the Guomindang (GMD) . As the CCP had always been inferior to the GMD in many aspects, many were shocked and startled by the Communist’s victory; although numerous factors show that the Communist’s victory was almost inevitable. This essay will examine the factors that lead to the Communists victory, which includes ideology, economic, political, social, military, foreign issues, and personalities of the leaders. One of the major advantages of the CCP can be seen in their social aspects and the support of peasants, which were the vast majority of people. They owned limited amount of land, had high rents, low productivity, were in dept and many lived on the edge of starvation. In addition, having peasant support for the CCP can supply with food resources. Therefore, Mao understood the first goal he had to achieve was the support from peasants. First, he set up peasant unions of Hunan from 1925-27, then in 1838-45 when Chiang had their attention focused on the Japanese Invasion, Mao and the CCP went to the rural areas, where the peasants were grateful for the way the soldiers behaved and helped the people. Then, the political leaders confiscated land from the landowners and redistributed it to landless people; lastly, they were given rights to vote for village leaders. By doing all this, the once enslaved and exploited people of china gained faith and freedom established the myth that only the ‘Red Army’ was the true protector of China. In contrast, the GMD had no strong support from the peasants; and most of them felt no connection to the government. The GMD had no party organization helping the struggling provinces, and after the split of GMD and CCP in 1927, the support of common people was very low . On the military aspects, the CCP was disadvantaged in the number of arm forces. In 1945, the GMD had 5 million troops, while the CCP only and 1.25 troops. However, there are a few points which can turn this into an advantage. Firstly, they made use of guerilla warfare, which is extremely suitable for small troops to travel swiftly, change position; be precise and alert. Secondly, the communists selected high quality troops and trained them strictly with strong discipline. Lastly, the communists had similar  lifestyles between the leaders and soldiers, and with the peasant support, they sustained high morale within the Red Army. With all these advantages, we can see that in 1930-1931 Chiang Kai-shek sent 3 military expeditions to exterminate the Red Army, facing an army of 300000, the CCP defeated them all . Here, we can see how effective the guerrilla warfare is in facing a large amount of troops. In contrast, the GMD had huge troops and modern weapons . However, the GMD troops did not have strategies against the light armed and swift troops of the CCP. Moreover, because the life between the leaders and the soldiers had too much difference, they had low morale and did not have the full heart to fight for the GMD. In terms of economic aspects of the CCP, and they did not have a lot of expenses due to the guerilla warfare tactics, and the people can self-supply themselves with food, as they were all peasants. In contrast for the GMD, 65% of the state’s budget was met by currency expansion and only 10% by taxes . Therefore, they were highly dependent on foreign aids of the US. The constant depreciation of the value of paper currency undermined in particular the morale in all jobs that were dependent upon the payment of salaries, including troops, officers and civilian officials. Their tolerance was limited and led to widespread corruption. In terms of political aspects, the CCP had made a lot of errors and had escaped destruction by a hair’s breadth, but they had an extraordinary resilience, refused to give up and learned from their mistakes . In 1927 after the failure of the autumn harvest uprising and retreated to Jinggang Shan, he noticed needed to win the hearts of the peasants; therefore, he adapted the Marxist theory and incorporated it into the peasants . Then, as he retreated with the remaining troops, he set his base in the Jinggang shan mountains where nationalists were far. Here, it shows that Mao learned from his mistakes. Furthermore in 1936 during the Japanese invasion, Mao forced the GMD to unite with them to defend the country, and here, we can also see that Mao truly cared for his country and did not just want power. In contrast, the GMD did not truly care for China. Firstly, the GMD’s support came from the wealthy city classes and landowners, which was a small population of China. Lastly, the GMD lacked passion and never learned from  their mistakes, for example, in the final battle in 1948, when they were advised to concentrate his forces on the Huai River. The foreign issues were also a crucial point in the victory of the communists. During the Japanese invasions in 1937, the GMD, who were supposed to be in charge of china, conserved his forces for the inevitable civil war, and pinned their hopes of interventions of foreign powers to defeat Japan . Moreover, as the GMD is dealing with the Japanese invasions, it gave chance to the CCP to gain popularity, strengthen their armies, and give them time to expand in general. By 1945, party membership gained from 100,000 to 1.2 millionOther factors such as the ideology and the personalities of the Mao and Chiang played an important role in the victory of the Communists. In the ideology of communism by Marx, they were just supposed spread communism, but later, it was adapted by Mao to suit china’s conditions, focused on the peasantry as the main revolutionary force, instead of the workers. Meanwhile, the Nationalists did not remain to their original ideology, which was the three principles – people’s livelihood, democracy and nationalism. For example, when Chiang gave the warlords a position in the government to develop urban areas, he ignored people’s livelihood. During the Japanese invasion, he ignored nationalism by relying on foreign aid, and in 1932, he ignored democracy by suppressing the media, books, and the press. Gradually, the GMD lost support and the people favored the Communists. In conclusion, the Communists’ victory was due to the peasant support, political organization, and their use of military tactics in guerilla warfare. Also, the nationalists’ incapability of governing, corruptions not remaining to the original ideology, and the lack of passion, leads to the downfall of the GMD. In addition to the foreign issues, the Japan invasions, the Communists truly won not only by forcing the GMD out of china physically, but winning the people’s hearts and minds. At last, the country with the largest population, China, is finally painted red. References Chinese Civil War 1946-1949. (2000., December 16). Wars of the World. Retrieved September 26, 2007, from http://www.onwar.com/aced/chrono/c1900s/yr45/fchina1946.htmElegant, R. S. (1972). Mao vs. Chiang: The Battle for China, 1925-1949. New York: A Thistle Book. Lescot, P. (2004). Before Mao (S. Rendall, Trans.). 10 East 53rd Street, NewYour, NY10022, USA: HarperCollins Publishers. (Original work published 1999)Marrin, A. (1989). Mao Tse-Tung and His China. 375 Hudson Street, New York 10014, USA: Puffin Group. Meins, B. (n.d.). Chinese history: The Chinese Civil War of 1927-1950 . In Helium where knowledge grows. Retrieved September 26, 2007, from Helium Web site: http://www.helium.com/tm/346350/chinese-civil-happen-momentShowalter, D. (2005, April). Decisive Encounters: The Chinese Civil War, 1946-1950. Retrieved September 26, 2007, from LookSmart Web site: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_200504/ai_n14681639Wood, J., & McManus, A. (1998). China Revolutionary Leadership (L. Day, Ed.). 6 Ride Way, Albany, Auckland, NewZealand: Macmillan Publishers. (Original work published 1998)