Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

Criminal Justice - Essay Example In the United States, the criminal justice provides justice to the people of this country. This is because the law is subjected equally to all people. The law is supreme, and people are required to exercise their rights in accordance with the law. The impartiality of the system makes it acceptable to the people of the United States. The justice system plays an imperative role in the American society (Barkan and Bryjak 9). However, just like many systems across the globe, the United States legal system has its strengths as well as weaknesses. This implies that, although the system offers justice to the public, there exist some faults that should be addressed. Justice is best served by the system in that the Supreme Court is independent from other arms of the government. For instance, the president may hold a particular opinion or even the Congress, but the interpretation of issues concerning the Constitution is left to the Supreme Court. The power given to this court ensures that justice is best served to the people of the United States without prejudices from other areas such as political issues (Barkan and Bryjak 11). Nevertheless, the system fails to provide justice in some cases. Economic biasness, racial bias, and over taxation are some of the weaknesses associated with the justice system. For instance, there are a number of life sentences that have been made by the court of law. However, only few are implemented. This raises concerns about how the selection is done. These issues taint the image of the justice

The treatment of bulimia with psychoanalysis Research Paper

The treatment of bulimia with psychoanalysis - Research Paper Example ...17 4.1 Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....17 References ABSTRACT This paper was based on literature review and it explored many available research papers evaluating the effectiveness of psychodynamic psychotherapy for the treatment of the eating disorder, bulimia. It was found as a result of a thorough review of available relevant material in different authentic research journals, that psychodynamic therapy is quite effective in treating bulimic patients, psychodynamic therapy is not an easy form of therapy and the psychologist attempting psychoanalysis of a bulimic must be well equipped to handle the transference phase effectively. Finally, CBT is a quicker option in treating bulimic adults, but the results of CBT are not temporally stable as compared to those of psychodynamic therapy. There is need of more research to test and compare t he effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy when integrated with CBT for treatment of bulimia. INTRODUCTION This paper attempts to review the effectiveness of psychoanalytic techniques used for successful treatment of the eating disorder, bulimia. Psychoanalysis involves various treatment methods that can be used for treating bulimia. This paper will explore and evaluate different psychoanalytical techniques available for treating bulimia with regard to effectiveness. Relevant literature will be thoroughly searched for any evidence of comparative effectiveness of two or more psychoanalytical treatment methods with patients of bulimia. The literature search will be followed by a discussion and the paper will conclude with a summary of the findings. 1.1 The Psychodynamic Approach to Psychology   The first proper theory of human psychology surfaced in the 1800s. Sigmund Freud is the neurologist and proponent of this theory and school of thought namely the psychodynamic approach. The fo under of this school of thought divides human mind into three components: the conscious, unconscious and pre-conscious (Burger, 2008). The conscious consists of the awareness zone and contains thoughts of which one is aware. The thoughts in the pre conscious mind are not readily available, but can be retrieved easily. The last part, namely the unconscious makes up the major part of human mind and is of great interest to psychoanalysts. According to Freud, thoughts in the unconscious are the key to understanding one’s personality and these can only be brought to the conscious mind in certain extreme situations (Burger, 2008). According to the structural model of personality, psychoanalytical school of thought believes in existence of id, ego and super ego. The id is the psychic representative of drives; ego is the component which deals with the ‘relation’ functions of humans and their environment while the super ego consists of the moral precepts. Other main conce pts of the psychoanalytical school of thought include defense mechanisms that humans use to deal with conflict (Brenner, 1973). Sigmund Freud was the founder of this school of thought but it hasn’t died with his death. There have been many changes and advancements in the theory and therapy of psychodynamics and it is accepted

Online Recruitment: Advantages and Disadvantages

Online Recruitment: Advantages and Disadvantages Online recruitment uses internet to find people to jobs. Fundamentally, it is advertising vacancies on the job sites or corporate websites. At this basic level it is particularly effective at getting a greater level of response. While it may generate lots of applications than traditional print advertising, simply attracting more candidates is only the part of the job. The current state is that truly effective online recruitment can be as low as 10 percent of the top blue-chip corporate companies. The original strength power of online recruitment is when it is done properly, lie in controlling internet technology to not just attract the candidates but to deal with them also. In this sense it is also about streamlining the recruitment process, so busy human resource departments can give a good recruitment service to their colleagues in finance, marketing, sales and manufacturing and moreover it frees up more of their time for other potential tasks. A specialized software provider such as Human Resource Portal can develop bespoke application programmes for recruiters that will save their time, effort and financial resorces. They can automatically perform the pre-selection process by setting killer questions (that only top candidates could answer correctly), profiling and scoring, psychometric tests and automatic CV scans to look for key areas such as qualifications and experience What some companies and what u think of e rec-current thinking Those companies that use online job application systems, instead of traditional recruitment methods can get a greater number of applicants aged over thirties and premium quality candidates overall, according to new research. The research done by academics in Ireland and by Eastern Kentucky University in the U.S was presented a week ago at a conference of British Psychological Society.The study mainly focused at concerns that the huge rise in the use of e-recruitment practices over recent years had decreased the number of applications from older female candidates.Studies conducted over the past 4 years, the research of more 3,000 people applying for administrative posts in Irish Civil Service compared the type of population applying when the application process was was done through e-recruitment and paper based method.The survey found that the number of elder applicants (aged 30 60 years) increased with the practice of the internet selection systemThere was no change on the number of females applying for various posts but the overall quality of candidates was have improved.Number of candidates on selection tests were higher for online applicants than pre-online applicants.Results also proved that the n ew media could widen the diversity of people attracted to it, and brought into, organisations, said the BPS.The societys conference heard researchproving that employees perform better at work if they have better psychological health and if their department heads show them good commitment.The study was conducted by Professor Cary Cooper, of Lancaster University Management School and the director of Manchester-based consultancy Robertson Cooper, and included 16,000 employees aged between 16 and 60 across 15 different firms.Participants filled a questionnaire created to assess their levels of stress at workplace, rating their perceptions of work stressors, organizational commitment their health. Professor Cooper told: We found that the employees who rated their performance mostly had a better psychological health and rated their organizations for showing greater commitment to them. This shows that employers investment in the well-being of their employees is not just a moral obligation; it also pays dividends in context of productivity and profitability.The conference also heard research showing that the employees who feel strong emotional bond to the organization are most likely to be willing to recommend the organization to others and help the operation succeed.Other research, by an occupational psychologist David Sharpley, was based on a survey of more than thousand people working in a local government.Main aspects of the management behaviour, along with the perception that the organization supported employees development, were found to have been critical in creating a strong emotional bond sense of engagement.Employees who felt that they were performing meaningful work, and who were clear about the role they were fulfilling were most likely to be higjly motivated.Employee engagement has a direct effect on the productivity, so it is important for the managers to understand the factors that help us to build engagement the barriers that stifle it, said Sharpley.This study conveys that how important it is that people should know what they are doing, why they are doing it should feel that their personal development is supported by their management, he added. PRACTICE OF E-RECRUITMENT. There has been a huge increase in e-recruitment as compared to as before. Since middle of 2006 in the UK, E-recruitment have increased more than 40% from the previous year. While the trend for online recruitment has been expanding. Over half of the respondents agree that the quality of online applications is very hit and miss. (26.1%) disagree with this statement, which suggest that online recruitment is a better strategy for omly certain roles. Although there is a trend in favour of online recruitment, the results show that there is still a high level of constrains with regard to the ability of online recruitment to attract high quality and diverse candidates. Most of the organizations clearly have a long way to go in developing an online recruitment strategy. While there has certainly been a shift in recruitment and assessment being done online,ourresults suggest that online is only a single aspect of resourcing strategy and a mixed strategy with a mix of media is still proving mos t effective. Current state of Online Recruitment System The numbers of e-recruitment sites seem to multiplying day by day as it is facilitating the recruitment process in more than one ways. Initially, it was observed that this process was embraced by big IT firms but now, it is becoming the part of every organization in business world. The advantages and disadvantages of online recruitment The advantages of online recruitment Cost effective Pasting a job vacancy on your own company website does not cost you anything, while putting on a job board usually costs a couple of hundred pounds . When you consider that a recruitment consultant fee for a candidate could be anything up to 20% of the first years salary, and that advertising in a national newspaper can cost thousands, you can immediately see the cost savings with online recruitment. Online recruitment is quick A job vacancy can be put on a job site in the morning, the first applications arrive by lunchtime, and a candidate is interviewed by end of the day. Of course It isnt often like this. But the fact that such things happen quickly gives us an indication of just how quick E-recruitment can be. Online recruitment gives you a better chance of success Traditional print advertising whether national, local or trade press faces limitations: the success of a vacancy advertisement depends on people looking upon the ad on a particular page and in a particular issue. Online recruitment is completely different. A job vacancy advertisement on a website is there 24 X 7 ,for as long as you desire. Candidates can come back to it again and again. From office administrator to Financial Director: they are all online. Online recruitment gives you a bigger audience Many people who are new to online recruitment think that using job sites is only effective if you are looking for young net-savvy Facebook-type people. This simply isnt the case. Research consistently shows that the average age of candidates using job sites is around 35 years old.Online recruitment is now a standard part of most peoples job hunting regardless of the age. Online recruitment is easy Posting a job on your own site is easy enough. Most of the job sites and CV databases are very user-friendly and you dont need to have vast knowledge of IT to post a vacancy advertisement. Usually, all you need is your job description, a bit of time and a credit card. And, if you have any problems the job board sales team to help you.   The disadvantages of online recruitment Too many candidates It is a fact that dealing with irrelevant and bad candidates is the main problem of a HR manager. Spam candidates can waste lot of time. However, with a bit of thought about what job site you use, how you write your job description and using candidate screening and filtering tools on job boards, it is possible to reduce the number of irrelevant applicants. It wont always work Online recruitment doesnt work every time. Every job vacancy cannot be posted or filled online. There will always be difficult-to-fill jobs that can only be filled  by recruitment consultants, headhunters or in other ways. However, most companies tend to hire for pretty standard job roles so this is seldom an issue. And with more and more job seekers choosing the internet to look for jobs, and more and more job sites and job boards specializing in ever more diverse areas, those difficult-to-fill jobs are becoming less day by day.

Essay --

The world is going through great clinical developments in the field of medicine and treatment . Where researchers through their experiences they try to find an end to many diseases And one of the Successful approaches is using originate cells to treat diseases for example Parkinson's and diabetes. So we can say that treatment utilizing stem tissues came to remedy the problem of diseases that medicine could not handle. Even though drugs deal with many illnesses, there is continue to a lot of conditions that treatment could not handle. I really believe that stem cell therapy as an effective alternative for the management of incurable ailments but exactly what is stem tissue? ?and exactly where do they originate from ? ? Stem cells are unspecialized tissues that have two most important features that make them different from other cells in the human body. First, they can increase their numbers for too long periods by means of cell division. Second, every time a stem mobile phone divides to hundreds of originate cell , each and every new originate can separate during early on life of them, and become specialized cells like red blood flow cell , muscle mass cell, human brain cell , or nerve mobile. In this century, scientists started out research concerning how to use originate cells to treat incurable illnesses. As well as they extracting embryonic stem adult and cells originate cells to increase the number in scientific labs.. Scientists found ways to derive embryonic originate cells from early mouse embryos almost 31 years ago, in 1981. The comprehensive study in the biology of mouse stem cells generated the discovery. At a later time , in 1998, of a strategy to derive stem cells from human embryos a nd expand the cells in the lab. ... ... I believe all this information about stem cell treatment will really support scientist to accrue numerous diseases .additionally my inerview with Mr.Mohamad Farooq , I believe that stem mobile is very important and this will be useful later on .Also , he explained to me , that stem cell therapy is very expensive because it needs doctors and manpower .He add an additional point ,that they must make sure that the cells are healthy and ready to use. In general , he was highly agree about stem mobile therapy . To sum up , originate cells really are important for living organisms .Exclusively for treating illnesses such as diabetic issues, and cardiovascular disease. In my perspective , this way of treatment will truly help unwell people and offer them the opportunity to treat . lastly , I really wish in future to be more useful and anyone can treat with stem mobile.

Normalcy

Normalcy in other words means to me to have everything up and running as required. To be stable with no corruption. Normalcy is something both Warren Gamaliel Harding along with Calvin Coolidge wish to restore in the U. S. Sadly Harding does nothing suitable to return normalcy but only to continue adding to the corruption already occurring. Coolidge on the other hand takes control after the death of Harding in 1923 and accomplished much more than Harding might have ever did. During the presidential time of Coolidge the Kellogg-Briand act was put to be followed. Lets discover what made these two men so different from one another! Warren Gamaliel Harding happened to be the 29th president of the United States. He served from 1921 till his death in 1923 due to a heart attack. Truth be told he was considered to be the worst president of all time. In the election of 1920 U. S presidential candidate Warren promised to return the country back to the way it was before WW1 occurred. For example as a quote stated by Harding himself â€Å"America’s need is not heroics but healing†¦we need to return to normalcy. Harding was known for the Teapot Dome scandal which took place in Wyoming. As oil reserves that were in the custody of Harding were being improperly used by being leased to private oil companies by the secret interior Albert Fall, Albert himself accepted cash gifts and no-interest loans from the companies. As we can see in Harding’s attempt to re-create peace he failed epically. This caused Harding’s administration to be remembered as the most corrupt in the white house. John Calvin Coolidge, jr was the vice president at the time when Harding was president. After the death of Harding, Coolidge took his place into becoming president. Coolidge slowly departed himself from the Harding administration and also removed all officials suspected of corruption. Coolidge decided to continue Harding’s policies while trying to eliminate scandals. Coolidge did promise to return normalcy to the United States, something Harding was unsuccessful at doing. In 1928, the Kellogg-Briand Pact was created between fifteen countries stating war will now be illegal. In my opion I believe Harding had no idea of what he was doing. He allegededly hired his old poker friends known as the Ohio Gang to work along side him. Some members from the Ohio gang used their government positions to take advantage of the money for personal use. I believe Coolidge kept his word at all times returning the U. S back to normalcy. Once Coolidge made all the necessary changes required the U. S was back to the way it was before WW1 occurred. In my belief Coolidge is a man of his word and is trustworthy.

Relative Reactivity of Alkyl Halides

Relative Reactivity of Alkyl Halides Introduction Nucleophilic substitution of alkyl halides can proceed by two different mechanisms – the SN2 and the SN1. The purpose of the experiment was to identify the effects that the alkyl group and the halide-leaving group have on the rates of SN1 reactions, and the effect that the solvent has on the rates of SN1 and SN2 reactions. The SN1 mechanism is a two-step nucleophilic substitution, or unimolecular displacement. In the first step of the mechanism, the carbon-halogen bond breaks and the halide ion leaving group leaves in a slow, rate-determining step to form a carbocation intermediate.The carbocation intermediate is then immediately detained by the weak nucleophile in a fast, second step to give the product. A solution of ethanol with some silver nitrate may be added provided the weak nucleophile – the alcohol. If an SN1 reaction occurs, the alkyl halide will dissociate to form a carbocation, which will then react with the ethanol to form an ether. Since there is not a strong nucleophile present, the cleavage of the carbon-halogen bond is encouraged by the formation and precipitation of silver bromide.The halide ion will combine with a silver ion from the silver nitrate to form a silver halide precipitate, which will advise that a reaction has occurred. + AgBr + NO3- Figure 1: The SN1 mechanism of 2-bromo-2-methylpropane and silver nitrate. The nucleophile would have been ethanol while the silver nitrate would have disassociated to form a silver halide precipitate. The more stable the carbocation, the quicker the reaction. Therefore, SN1 reactions desire tertiary substrates most, followed by secondary, and lastly primary.Because the strength of the nucleophile is unimportant, an ionizing solvent is needed. Water is the best solvent, followed by methanol, ethanol, propanol, and lastly acetone. In experiment two, the tertiary 2-bromo-2-methylpropane was the most favored reactant followed by the secondar y 2-bromobutane, the primary 1-bromobutane, and the primary 1-chlorobutane. This order is determined by whether the molecule is primary, secondary, or tertiary. 2-bromo-2-methlypropane + AgNO3 + (CH3)2CO AgBr + ethyl-t-butylether + isobutylene Figure 2: The SN2 mechanism of 2-bromo-2-methlypropane with AgNO3 in (CH3)2CO.The SN2 reaction mechanism is a one-step, bimolecular displacement in which the bond-breaking and bond-making processes occur simultaneously. The SN2 reaction requires a strong nucleophile. The order of reactivity is the opposite of the SN1 reaction because the nucleophile must attack from the back, and is favored with the least steric hindrance. The halide attached to a primary carbon is easier to attack from the back. In experiment one, the 1-chlorobutane was the most favored reactant followed by the primary 1-bromobutane, the secondary 2-bromobutane, and the tertiary 2-bromo-2-methylpropane.This order is determined by whether the molecule is primary, secondary, or tertiary. â€Å"SN2 reactions are particularly sensitive to steric factors, since they are greatly retarded by steric hindrance (crowding) at the site of reaction. In general, the order of reactivity of alkyl halides in SN2 reactions is: methyl > 1 ° > 2 °. The 3 ° alkyl halides are so crowded that they do not generally react by an SN2 mechanism. †1 1-chlorobutane and NaI-acetone ——> 1-iodobutane + NaCl (precipitate) In general, weaker bases make better leaving groups.SN1 and SN2 reactions show the same trends, but SN1 is more sensitive. The reactants favored in the SN2 mechanism are the opposite of the SN1 reaction. the primary 1-chlorobutane was most favored, followed by the primary 1-bromobutane, the secondary 2-bromobutane, and tertiary 2-bromo-2-methylpropane. Table 1: Table of Reagents with molecular weight, density, melting point, and boiling point. Name| Molecular Weight (g/mol)| Density (M/V)| Melting point ( °C)| Boiling point ( °C)| 2-bromo -2-methylpropane| 137. 02 g/mol| 1. 22 g mL? 1 | -16  Ã‚ °C| 73 °C| 2-bromobutane| 137. 02 g/mol| 1. 55 g mL? 1| -113 °C| 91 °C| 1-bromobutane| 137. 02 g/mol| 1. 2676 g mL? 1| -112  Ã‚ °C| 99-103 °C| 1-chlorobutane| 92. 57 g mol? 1| 0. 89 g/mL | -123. 1  Ã‚ °C| 78 °C| NaI| 149. 89 g/mol| 3. 67 g/cm3| 661  Ã‚ °C| 1304  Ã‚ °C| AgNO3| 169. 87 g mol? 1| 5. 35 g/cm3| 212  Ã‚ °C| 444  Ã‚ °C| Methanol| 32. 04 g mol? 1| 0. 7918 g/cm3| -97. 6  Ã‚ °C| 64. 7  Ã‚ °C| Ethanol| 46. 07 g mol? 1| 0. 789 g/cm3 | ? 114  Ã‚ °C| 78. 37  Ã‚ °C| Propanol| 60. 10 g mol? 1| . 803 g/mL| -126  Ã‚ °C| 97-98  Ã‚ °C| Acetone| 58. 08 g mol? 1| 0. 791 g cm? 3| -93  Ã‚ °C| 56-57  Ã‚ °C,| NaOH| 39. 9971 g mol-1| 2. 13 g/cm3| 318  Ã‚ °C| 1388  Ã‚ °C| Phenolphthalein| 318. 2 g mol? 1| 1. 277 g cm? 3| 260  °C| NA| Experimental For part A, four clean test tubes were acquired and numbered 1-4. Five drops of each of the following reagents were added to the test tubes in numer ical order: 2-bromo-2-methylpropane, 2-bromobutane, 1-bromobutane, 1-chlorobutane. Twenty drops of NaI in acetone were added to each test tube, the time of the first drop was recorded, and the tubes were mixed. The exact time of the first sign of cloudiness in each test tube was noted. The exact time of the first sign of precipitation was noted.If no reaction occurred within five minutes, the test tube was placed in a warm water bath. No color change was observed, only a change in cloudiness of the solutions. For part B, the test tubes were rinsed with ethanol and then the same amount of each alkyl halide was placed into each test tube. Twenty drops of silver nitrate in ethanol was added to each of the four test tubes, and the exact time that the first drop was added to each test tube was noted. The exact time of the first sign of cloudiness in each test tube was noted. The exact time of the first sign of precipitation was noted.If no reaction occurred within five minutes, the test tube was placed in a warm water bath. No color change was observed, only a change in cloudiness of the solutions. For part C, four clean test tubes were acquired and numbered 1-4. 1 mL of 1:1 methanol and water was added to the first test tube; 1mL of 1:1 mixture of ethanol/water was added to the second test tube; 1mL of 1:1 mixture of 1-propanol/water was added the the third test tube; and 1 mL of 1:1 mixture of acetone/water was added to the fourth test tube. Three drops of . 5M NaOH and three drops of 1% phenolphthalein were added to each test tube.Three drops of 2-bromo-2-methylpropane were added to each test tube, and the exact time that the first drop was added to each tube was noted. The tubes were swirled, and the disappearance of the pink color was observed. The final color of each solution was yellow. Results Table 2: Reaction times pertaining to SN2 reactions, SN1 reactions, and the solvent effects on SN1 reactions. Part A (SN2 reaction with NaI)| Time in seconds| 2-bromo -2-methylpropane| 97 seconds| 2-bromobutane| 95 seconds | 1-bromobutane| 71 seconds| 1-chlorobutane| 86. 7 seconds|Part B (SN1 reaction with AgNO3 in ethanol)| Time in seconds| 2-bromo-2-methylpropane| 34. 6 seconds| 2-bromobutane| 49 seconds| 1-bromobutane| 80 seconds| 1-chlorobutane| 905 seconds| Part C (Solvent effects on SN1 reaction with. 5M NaOH and phenolphthalein)| Time in seconds| Methanol/water 1:1| 129 seconds| Ethanol/water 1:1| 97 seconds| Propanol/water 1:1| 93 seconds| Acetone/water 1:1| 90 seconds| Discussion In experiment A, the results followed the trend hypothesized for SN1 reactions in the introduction. The primaries finished first, followed by secondary, and lastly tertiary.The primary 1-bromobutane completed first, followed by the primary 1-chlorobutane. The secondary 2-bromobutane completed third, and the tertiary 2-bromo-2-methylpropane finished last. The 1-bromobutane finished before the 1-chlorobutane because bromine was a better leaving group than chlorine . This is because bromine is bigger and less electronegative than chlorine. Therefore the bromine did not form as tight of bonds with carbon as chlorine, and could more easily leave the group. In experiment B, the results followed the trend hypothesized for SN2 reactions in the introduction.The tertiary finished first, followed by secondary, followed by the primaries. 1-bromo-1-methylpropane finished first because of its tertiary nature. The secondary 2-bromobutane finished second. The primary 1-bromobutane finished third, followed by primary 1-chlorobutane. The rate-limiting formation of the carbocation decided this pattern. The 1-bromobutane finished before the 1-chlorobutane because bromine was a better leaving group than chlorine. In experiment C, the results did not follow the trend hypothesized for the solvent effects on the SN1 reaction.Methanol should have finished first, then ethanol, then propanol, and lastly acetone. The results were the exact opposite; acetone finished f irst, then propanol, then ethanol, and lastly methanol. The boiling points of the solutions were responsible for this result. The bottles containing the solutions must have been left open for a prolonged period of time before use to allow evaporation. The acetone, propanol, and ethanol must have been mainly water, and thus finished earlier than methanol. The first error pertained to experiment C. The results were backwards, and had to have been due to the boiling points of the solutions.The solutions that evaporated the most before the experiment finished quickest because of the ratio of water to the specific solution. The error could have been corrected by remaking the solutions before lab. The second error pertained to experiment B. The experiment was performed twice because the test tubes were not washed with ethanol between uses. The use of water to wash the test tubes sped up the reactions because water was the best solvent for the SN1 reactions. The use of ethanol to wash the test tubes had little effect on the rate of the reactions because it was the third best solvent after water and methanol.Conclusion The purpose of the experiment was to identify the effects that the alkyl group and the halide leaving group had on the rates of SN1 and SN2 reactions, and the effect that the solvent had on the rates of SN1 reaction. The purpose was achieved because the tertiary alkyl group sped up the SN1 reaction most, while the primary alkyl group sped up the SN2 reaction most. The effect of the halide-leaving group was established because bromine was bigger and less electronegative than chlorine, which allowed bromine to leave the group sooner than chlorine due to the less strong bonds of bromine.The solvents’ effect on the rates of the SN1 reaction was due to the encouragement of the cleavage of the carbon-halogen bond, instead of the use of a strong nucleophile. An improvement for the experiment would have been to mix the solvents just before lab to reduce the amount of solvent that boiled off at room temperature. More accurate measurements such as 1 mL measured in the graduated cylinder would have been more precise and consistent than the addition of a specific number of drops. References The SN2 Reaction. University of Texas Educational Website. 11 September 2012. Web. 1 March 2013. http://iverson. cm. utexas. edu/courses/old/310N/spring2008/ReactMoviesFl05%20/SN2text. html Questions 1. What would be the major product if 1-bromo-3-chloropropane was to react with NaI in acetone? Explain. 1-iodo-3-chloropropane would be the major product. This substitution reaction works best for primary alkyl halides. The bromide ion is a better leaving group than chloride ion. 2. In the reaction of 1-chlorobutane with CN-, the reaction rate is increased by the addition of catalytic amount of NaI. Explain the result. The I- ion replaces the Cl to form 1-iodobutane.The iodo group is a better leaving group than the chloro group and hence the reaction g oes faster. 3. What would be the major product if 1,4-dibromo-4-methylpentane was allowed to react with: a. ) One equivalent of NaI in acetone? Iodide is a strong nucleophile but a weak base, so SN2 is the preferred reaction. Only the bromine on C1 is eligible to undergo SN2, so it will be replaced by iodide. b. ) One equivalent of silver nitrate in ethanol? Silver ion tends to receive a halide ion and leave a carbocation, which means E1 and SN1. If there's only one equivalent, then the tertiary bromide on C4 is the one that will go.The resulting carbocation can give: E1 products 5-Br-2-Me-2-pentene (major, trisubstituted) and 5-Br-2-Me-1-pentene (minor, disubstituted). SN1 product 5-bromo-2-ethoxy-2-methylpentane. 4. What causes the color change in part C? The formation of the acid after the addition of the base NaOH and an acid-base indicator may be visibly observed when the reaction has completed. As the reaction proceeds, for every molecule of alcohol produced, there is one mole cule of acid produced as well. This means that as the reaction proceeds the acid begins to neutralize the base, once enough product and